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r"""
==================================
Constants (:mod:`scipy.constants`)
==================================
.. currentmodule:: scipy.constants
Physical and mathematical constants and units.
Mathematical constants
======================
================ =================================================================
``pi`` Pi
``golden`` Golden ratio
``golden_ratio`` Golden ratio
================ =================================================================
Physical constants
==================
=========================== =================================================================
``c`` speed of light in vacuum
``speed_of_light`` speed of light in vacuum
``mu_0`` the magnetic constant :math:`\mu_0`
``epsilon_0`` the electric constant (vacuum permittivity), :math:`\epsilon_0`
``h`` the Planck constant :math:`h`
``Planck`` the Planck constant :math:`h`
``hbar`` :math:`\hbar = h/(2\pi)`
``G`` Newtonian constant of gravitation
``gravitational_constant`` Newtonian constant of gravitation
``g`` standard acceleration of gravity
``e`` elementary charge
``elementary_charge`` elementary charge
``R`` molar gas constant
``gas_constant`` molar gas constant
``alpha`` fine-structure constant
``fine_structure`` fine-structure constant
``N_A`` Avogadro constant
``Avogadro`` Avogadro constant
``k`` Boltzmann constant
``Boltzmann`` Boltzmann constant
``sigma`` Stefan-Boltzmann constant :math:`\sigma`
``Stefan_Boltzmann`` Stefan-Boltzmann constant :math:`\sigma`
``Wien`` Wien displacement law constant
``Rydberg`` Rydberg constant
``m_e`` electron mass
``electron_mass`` electron mass
``m_p`` proton mass
``proton_mass`` proton mass
``m_n`` neutron mass
``neutron_mass`` neutron mass
=========================== =================================================================
Constants database
------------------
In addition to the above variables, :mod:`scipy.constants` also contains the
2018 CODATA recommended values [CODATA2018]_ database containing more physical
constants.
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
value -- Value in physical_constants indexed by key
unit -- Unit in physical_constants indexed by key
precision -- Relative precision in physical_constants indexed by key
find -- Return list of physical_constant keys with a given string
ConstantWarning -- Constant sought not in newest CODATA data set
.. data:: physical_constants
Dictionary of physical constants, of the format
``physical_constants[name] = (value, unit, uncertainty)``.
Available constants:
====================================================================== ====
%(constant_names)s
====================================================================== ====
Units
=====
SI prefixes
-----------
============ =================================================================
``quetta`` :math:`10^{30}`
``ronna`` :math:`10^{27}`
``yotta`` :math:`10^{24}`
``zetta`` :math:`10^{21}`
``exa`` :math:`10^{18}`
``peta`` :math:`10^{15}`
``tera`` :math:`10^{12}`
``giga`` :math:`10^{9}`
``mega`` :math:`10^{6}`
``kilo`` :math:`10^{3}`
``hecto`` :math:`10^{2}`
``deka`` :math:`10^{1}`
``deci`` :math:`10^{-1}`
``centi`` :math:`10^{-2}`
``milli`` :math:`10^{-3}`
``micro`` :math:`10^{-6}`
``nano`` :math:`10^{-9}`
``pico`` :math:`10^{-12}`
``femto`` :math:`10^{-15}`
``atto`` :math:`10^{-18}`
``zepto`` :math:`10^{-21}`
``yocto`` :math:`10^{-24}`
``ronto`` :math:`10^{-27}`
``quecto`` :math:`10^{-30}`
============ =================================================================
Binary prefixes
---------------
============ =================================================================
``kibi`` :math:`2^{10}`
``mebi`` :math:`2^{20}`
``gibi`` :math:`2^{30}`
``tebi`` :math:`2^{40}`
``pebi`` :math:`2^{50}`
``exbi`` :math:`2^{60}`
``zebi`` :math:`2^{70}`
``yobi`` :math:`2^{80}`
============ =================================================================
Mass
----
================= ============================================================
``gram`` :math:`10^{-3}` kg
``metric_ton`` :math:`10^{3}` kg
``grain`` one grain in kg
``lb`` one pound (avoirdupous) in kg
``pound`` one pound (avoirdupous) in kg
``blob`` one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
``slinch`` one inch version of a slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
``slug`` one slug in kg (added in 1.0.0)
``oz`` one ounce in kg
``ounce`` one ounce in kg
``stone`` one stone in kg
``grain`` one grain in kg
``long_ton`` one long ton in kg
``short_ton`` one short ton in kg
``troy_ounce`` one Troy ounce in kg
``troy_pound`` one Troy pound in kg
``carat`` one carat in kg
``m_u`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
``u`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
``atomic_mass`` atomic mass constant (in kg)
================= ============================================================
Angle
-----
================= ============================================================
``degree`` degree in radians
``arcmin`` arc minute in radians
``arcminute`` arc minute in radians
``arcsec`` arc second in radians
``arcsecond`` arc second in radians
================= ============================================================
Time
----
================= ============================================================
``minute`` one minute in seconds
``hour`` one hour in seconds
``day`` one day in seconds
``week`` one week in seconds
``year`` one year (365 days) in seconds
``Julian_year`` one Julian year (365.25 days) in seconds
================= ============================================================
Length
------
===================== ============================================================
``inch`` one inch in meters
``foot`` one foot in meters
``yard`` one yard in meters
``mile`` one mile in meters
``mil`` one mil in meters
``pt`` one point in meters
``point`` one point in meters
``survey_foot`` one survey foot in meters
``survey_mile`` one survey mile in meters
``nautical_mile`` one nautical mile in meters
``fermi`` one Fermi in meters
``angstrom`` one Angstrom in meters
``micron`` one micron in meters
``au`` one astronomical unit in meters
``astronomical_unit`` one astronomical unit in meters
``light_year`` one light year in meters
``parsec`` one parsec in meters
===================== ============================================================
Pressure
--------
================= ============================================================
``atm`` standard atmosphere in pascals
``atmosphere`` standard atmosphere in pascals
``bar`` one bar in pascals
``torr`` one torr (mmHg) in pascals
``mmHg`` one torr (mmHg) in pascals
``psi`` one psi in pascals
================= ============================================================
Area
----
================= ============================================================
``hectare`` one hectare in square meters
``acre`` one acre in square meters
================= ============================================================
Volume
------
=================== ========================================================
``liter`` one liter in cubic meters
``litre`` one liter in cubic meters
``gallon`` one gallon (US) in cubic meters
``gallon_US`` one gallon (US) in cubic meters
``gallon_imp`` one gallon (UK) in cubic meters
``fluid_ounce`` one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters
``fluid_ounce_US`` one fluid ounce (US) in cubic meters
``fluid_ounce_imp`` one fluid ounce (UK) in cubic meters
``bbl`` one barrel in cubic meters
``barrel`` one barrel in cubic meters
=================== ========================================================
Speed
-----
================== ==========================================================
``kmh`` kilometers per hour in meters per second
``mph`` miles per hour in meters per second
``mach`` one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second
``speed_of_sound`` one Mach (approx., at 15 C, 1 atm) in meters per second
``knot`` one knot in meters per second
================== ==========================================================
Temperature
-----------
===================== =======================================================
``zero_Celsius`` zero of Celsius scale in Kelvin
``degree_Fahrenheit`` one Fahrenheit (only differences) in Kelvins
===================== =======================================================
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
convert_temperature
Energy
------
==================== =======================================================
``eV`` one electron volt in Joules
``electron_volt`` one electron volt in Joules
``calorie`` one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules
``calorie_th`` one calorie (thermochemical) in Joules
``calorie_IT`` one calorie (International Steam Table calorie, 1956) in Joules
``erg`` one erg in Joules
``Btu`` one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules
``Btu_IT`` one British thermal unit (International Steam Table) in Joules
``Btu_th`` one British thermal unit (thermochemical) in Joules
``ton_TNT`` one ton of TNT in Joules
==================== =======================================================
Power
-----
==================== =======================================================
``hp`` one horsepower in watts
``horsepower`` one horsepower in watts
==================== =======================================================
Force
-----
==================== =======================================================
``dyn`` one dyne in newtons
``dyne`` one dyne in newtons
``lbf`` one pound force in newtons
``pound_force`` one pound force in newtons
``kgf`` one kilogram force in newtons
``kilogram_force`` one kilogram force in newtons
==================== =======================================================
Optics
------
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
lambda2nu
nu2lambda
References
==========
.. [CODATA2018] CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental
Physical Constants 2018.
https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/
""" # noqa: E501
# Modules contributed by BasSw (wegwerp@gmail.com)
from ._codata import *
from ._constants import *
from ._codata import _obsolete_constants, physical_constants
# Deprecated namespaces, to be removed in v2.0.0
from . import codata, constants
_constant_names_list = [(_k.lower(), _k, _v)
for _k, _v in physical_constants.items()
if _k not in _obsolete_constants]
_constant_names = "\n".join(["``{}``{} {} {}".format(_x[1], " "*(66-len(_x[1])),
_x[2][0], _x[2][1])
for _x in sorted(_constant_names_list)])
if __doc__:
__doc__ = __doc__ % dict(constant_names=_constant_names)
del _constant_names
del _constant_names_list
__all__ = [s for s in dir() if not s.startswith('_')]
from scipy._lib._testutils import PytestTester
test = PytestTester(__name__)
del PytestTester

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"""
Collection of physical constants and conversion factors.
Most constants are in SI units, so you can do
print '10 mile per minute is', 10*mile/minute, 'm/s or', 10*mile/(minute*knot), 'knots'
The list is not meant to be comprehensive, but just convenient for everyday use.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math as _math
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
from ._codata import value as _cd
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import numpy.typing as npt
from scipy._lib._array_api import array_namespace, _asarray
"""
BasSw 2006
physical constants: imported from CODATA
unit conversion: see e.g., NIST special publication 811
Use at own risk: double-check values before calculating your Mars orbit-insertion burn.
Some constants exist in a few variants, which are marked with suffixes.
The ones without any suffix should be the most common ones.
"""
__all__ = [
'Avogadro', 'Boltzmann', 'Btu', 'Btu_IT', 'Btu_th', 'G',
'Julian_year', 'N_A', 'Planck', 'R', 'Rydberg',
'Stefan_Boltzmann', 'Wien', 'acre', 'alpha',
'angstrom', 'arcmin', 'arcminute', 'arcsec',
'arcsecond', 'astronomical_unit', 'atm',
'atmosphere', 'atomic_mass', 'atto', 'au', 'bar',
'barrel', 'bbl', 'blob', 'c', 'calorie',
'calorie_IT', 'calorie_th', 'carat', 'centi',
'convert_temperature', 'day', 'deci', 'degree',
'degree_Fahrenheit', 'deka', 'dyn', 'dyne', 'e',
'eV', 'electron_mass', 'electron_volt',
'elementary_charge', 'epsilon_0', 'erg',
'exa', 'exbi', 'femto', 'fermi', 'fine_structure',
'fluid_ounce', 'fluid_ounce_US', 'fluid_ounce_imp',
'foot', 'g', 'gallon', 'gallon_US', 'gallon_imp',
'gas_constant', 'gibi', 'giga', 'golden', 'golden_ratio',
'grain', 'gram', 'gravitational_constant', 'h', 'hbar',
'hectare', 'hecto', 'horsepower', 'hour', 'hp',
'inch', 'k', 'kgf', 'kibi', 'kilo', 'kilogram_force',
'kmh', 'knot', 'lambda2nu', 'lb', 'lbf',
'light_year', 'liter', 'litre', 'long_ton', 'm_e',
'm_n', 'm_p', 'm_u', 'mach', 'mebi', 'mega',
'metric_ton', 'micro', 'micron', 'mil', 'mile',
'milli', 'minute', 'mmHg', 'mph', 'mu_0', 'nano',
'nautical_mile', 'neutron_mass', 'nu2lambda',
'ounce', 'oz', 'parsec', 'pebi', 'peta',
'pi', 'pico', 'point', 'pound', 'pound_force',
'proton_mass', 'psi', 'pt', 'quecto', 'quetta', 'ronna', 'ronto',
'short_ton', 'sigma', 'slinch', 'slug', 'speed_of_light',
'speed_of_sound', 'stone', 'survey_foot',
'survey_mile', 'tebi', 'tera', 'ton_TNT',
'torr', 'troy_ounce', 'troy_pound', 'u',
'week', 'yard', 'year', 'yobi', 'yocto',
'yotta', 'zebi', 'zepto', 'zero_Celsius', 'zetta'
]
# mathematical constants
pi = _math.pi
golden = golden_ratio = (1 + _math.sqrt(5)) / 2
# SI prefixes
quetta = 1e30
ronna = 1e27
yotta = 1e24
zetta = 1e21
exa = 1e18
peta = 1e15
tera = 1e12
giga = 1e9
mega = 1e6
kilo = 1e3
hecto = 1e2
deka = 1e1
deci = 1e-1
centi = 1e-2
milli = 1e-3
micro = 1e-6
nano = 1e-9
pico = 1e-12
femto = 1e-15
atto = 1e-18
zepto = 1e-21
yocto = 1e-24
ronto = 1e-27
quecto = 1e-30
# binary prefixes
kibi = 2**10
mebi = 2**20
gibi = 2**30
tebi = 2**40
pebi = 2**50
exbi = 2**60
zebi = 2**70
yobi = 2**80
# physical constants
c = speed_of_light = _cd('speed of light in vacuum')
mu_0 = _cd('vacuum mag. permeability')
epsilon_0 = _cd('vacuum electric permittivity')
h = Planck = _cd('Planck constant')
hbar = h / (2 * pi)
G = gravitational_constant = _cd('Newtonian constant of gravitation')
g = _cd('standard acceleration of gravity')
e = elementary_charge = _cd('elementary charge')
R = gas_constant = _cd('molar gas constant')
alpha = fine_structure = _cd('fine-structure constant')
N_A = Avogadro = _cd('Avogadro constant')
k = Boltzmann = _cd('Boltzmann constant')
sigma = Stefan_Boltzmann = _cd('Stefan-Boltzmann constant')
Wien = _cd('Wien wavelength displacement law constant')
Rydberg = _cd('Rydberg constant')
# mass in kg
gram = 1e-3
metric_ton = 1e3
grain = 64.79891e-6
lb = pound = 7000 * grain # avoirdupois
blob = slinch = pound * g / 0.0254 # lbf*s**2/in (added in 1.0.0)
slug = blob / 12 # lbf*s**2/foot (added in 1.0.0)
oz = ounce = pound / 16
stone = 14 * pound
long_ton = 2240 * pound
short_ton = 2000 * pound
troy_ounce = 480 * grain # only for metals / gems
troy_pound = 12 * troy_ounce
carat = 200e-6
m_e = electron_mass = _cd('electron mass')
m_p = proton_mass = _cd('proton mass')
m_n = neutron_mass = _cd('neutron mass')
m_u = u = atomic_mass = _cd('atomic mass constant')
# angle in rad
degree = pi / 180
arcmin = arcminute = degree / 60
arcsec = arcsecond = arcmin / 60
# time in second
minute = 60.0
hour = 60 * minute
day = 24 * hour
week = 7 * day
year = 365 * day
Julian_year = 365.25 * day
# length in meter
inch = 0.0254
foot = 12 * inch
yard = 3 * foot
mile = 1760 * yard
mil = inch / 1000
pt = point = inch / 72 # typography
survey_foot = 1200.0 / 3937
survey_mile = 5280 * survey_foot
nautical_mile = 1852.0
fermi = 1e-15
angstrom = 1e-10
micron = 1e-6
au = astronomical_unit = 149597870700.0
light_year = Julian_year * c
parsec = au / arcsec
# pressure in pascal
atm = atmosphere = _cd('standard atmosphere')
bar = 1e5
torr = mmHg = atm / 760
psi = pound * g / (inch * inch)
# area in meter**2
hectare = 1e4
acre = 43560 * foot**2
# volume in meter**3
litre = liter = 1e-3
gallon = gallon_US = 231 * inch**3 # US
# pint = gallon_US / 8
fluid_ounce = fluid_ounce_US = gallon_US / 128
bbl = barrel = 42 * gallon_US # for oil
gallon_imp = 4.54609e-3 # UK
fluid_ounce_imp = gallon_imp / 160
# speed in meter per second
kmh = 1e3 / hour
mph = mile / hour
# approx value of mach at 15 degrees in 1 atm. Is this a common value?
mach = speed_of_sound = 340.5
knot = nautical_mile / hour
# temperature in kelvin
zero_Celsius = 273.15
degree_Fahrenheit = 1/1.8 # only for differences
# energy in joule
eV = electron_volt = elementary_charge # * 1 Volt
calorie = calorie_th = 4.184
calorie_IT = 4.1868
erg = 1e-7
Btu_th = pound * degree_Fahrenheit * calorie_th / gram
Btu = Btu_IT = pound * degree_Fahrenheit * calorie_IT / gram
ton_TNT = 1e9 * calorie_th
# Wh = watt_hour
# power in watt
hp = horsepower = 550 * foot * pound * g
# force in newton
dyn = dyne = 1e-5
lbf = pound_force = pound * g
kgf = kilogram_force = g # * 1 kg
# functions for conversions that are not linear
def convert_temperature(
val: npt.ArrayLike,
old_scale: str,
new_scale: str,
) -> Any:
"""
Convert from a temperature scale to another one among Celsius, Kelvin,
Fahrenheit, and Rankine scales.
Parameters
----------
val : array_like
Value(s) of the temperature(s) to be converted expressed in the
original scale.
old_scale : str
Specifies as a string the original scale from which the temperature
value(s) will be converted. Supported scales are Celsius ('Celsius',
'celsius', 'C' or 'c'), Kelvin ('Kelvin', 'kelvin', 'K', 'k'),
Fahrenheit ('Fahrenheit', 'fahrenheit', 'F' or 'f'), and Rankine
('Rankine', 'rankine', 'R', 'r').
new_scale : str
Specifies as a string the new scale to which the temperature
value(s) will be converted. Supported scales are Celsius ('Celsius',
'celsius', 'C' or 'c'), Kelvin ('Kelvin', 'kelvin', 'K', 'k'),
Fahrenheit ('Fahrenheit', 'fahrenheit', 'F' or 'f'), and Rankine
('Rankine', 'rankine', 'R', 'r').
Returns
-------
res : float or array of floats
Value(s) of the converted temperature(s) expressed in the new scale.
Notes
-----
.. versionadded:: 0.18.0
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.constants import convert_temperature
>>> import numpy as np
>>> convert_temperature(np.array([-40, 40]), 'Celsius', 'Kelvin')
array([ 233.15, 313.15])
"""
xp = array_namespace(val)
_val = _asarray(val, xp=xp, subok=True)
# Convert from `old_scale` to Kelvin
if old_scale.lower() in ['celsius', 'c']:
tempo = _val + zero_Celsius
elif old_scale.lower() in ['kelvin', 'k']:
tempo = _val
elif old_scale.lower() in ['fahrenheit', 'f']:
tempo = (_val - 32) * 5 / 9 + zero_Celsius
elif old_scale.lower() in ['rankine', 'r']:
tempo = _val * 5 / 9
else:
raise NotImplementedError(f"{old_scale=} is unsupported: supported scales "
"are Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and "
"Rankine")
# and from Kelvin to `new_scale`.
if new_scale.lower() in ['celsius', 'c']:
res = tempo - zero_Celsius
elif new_scale.lower() in ['kelvin', 'k']:
res = tempo
elif new_scale.lower() in ['fahrenheit', 'f']:
res = (tempo - zero_Celsius) * 9 / 5 + 32
elif new_scale.lower() in ['rankine', 'r']:
res = tempo * 9 / 5
else:
raise NotImplementedError(f"{new_scale=} is unsupported: supported "
"scales are 'Celsius', 'Kelvin', "
"'Fahrenheit', and 'Rankine'")
return res
# optics
def lambda2nu(lambda_: npt.ArrayLike) -> Any:
"""
Convert wavelength to optical frequency
Parameters
----------
lambda_ : array_like
Wavelength(s) to be converted.
Returns
-------
nu : float or array of floats
Equivalent optical frequency.
Notes
-----
Computes ``nu = c / lambda`` where c = 299792458.0, i.e., the
(vacuum) speed of light in meters/second.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.constants import lambda2nu, speed_of_light
>>> import numpy as np
>>> lambda2nu(np.array((1, speed_of_light)))
array([ 2.99792458e+08, 1.00000000e+00])
"""
xp = array_namespace(lambda_)
return c / _asarray(lambda_, xp=xp, subok=True)
def nu2lambda(nu: npt.ArrayLike) -> Any:
"""
Convert optical frequency to wavelength.
Parameters
----------
nu : array_like
Optical frequency to be converted.
Returns
-------
lambda : float or array of floats
Equivalent wavelength(s).
Notes
-----
Computes ``lambda = c / nu`` where c = 299792458.0, i.e., the
(vacuum) speed of light in meters/second.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.constants import nu2lambda, speed_of_light
>>> import numpy as np
>>> nu2lambda(np.array((1, speed_of_light)))
array([ 2.99792458e+08, 1.00000000e+00])
"""
xp = array_namespace(nu)
return c / _asarray(nu, xp=xp, subok=True)

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# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
# Use the `scipy.constants` namespace for importing the functions
# included below.
from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
__all__ = [ # noqa: F822
'physical_constants', 'value', 'unit', 'precision', 'find',
'ConstantWarning', 'k', 'c',
]
def __dir__():
return __all__
def __getattr__(name):
return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="constants", module="codata",
private_modules=["_codata"], all=__all__,
attribute=name)

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# This file is not meant for public use and will be removed in SciPy v2.0.0.
# Use the `scipy.constants` namespace for importing the functions
# included below.
from scipy._lib.deprecation import _sub_module_deprecation
__all__ = [ # noqa: F822
'Avogadro', 'Boltzmann', 'Btu', 'Btu_IT', 'Btu_th', 'G',
'Julian_year', 'N_A', 'Planck', 'R', 'Rydberg',
'Stefan_Boltzmann', 'Wien', 'acre', 'alpha',
'angstrom', 'arcmin', 'arcminute', 'arcsec',
'arcsecond', 'astronomical_unit', 'atm',
'atmosphere', 'atomic_mass', 'atto', 'au', 'bar',
'barrel', 'bbl', 'blob', 'c', 'calorie',
'calorie_IT', 'calorie_th', 'carat', 'centi',
'convert_temperature', 'day', 'deci', 'degree',
'degree_Fahrenheit', 'deka', 'dyn', 'dyne', 'e',
'eV', 'electron_mass', 'electron_volt',
'elementary_charge', 'epsilon_0', 'erg',
'exa', 'exbi', 'femto', 'fermi', 'fine_structure',
'fluid_ounce', 'fluid_ounce_US', 'fluid_ounce_imp',
'foot', 'g', 'gallon', 'gallon_US', 'gallon_imp',
'gas_constant', 'gibi', 'giga', 'golden', 'golden_ratio',
'grain', 'gram', 'gravitational_constant', 'h', 'hbar',
'hectare', 'hecto', 'horsepower', 'hour', 'hp',
'inch', 'k', 'kgf', 'kibi', 'kilo', 'kilogram_force',
'kmh', 'knot', 'lambda2nu', 'lb', 'lbf',
'light_year', 'liter', 'litre', 'long_ton', 'm_e',
'm_n', 'm_p', 'm_u', 'mach', 'mebi', 'mega',
'metric_ton', 'micro', 'micron', 'mil', 'mile',
'milli', 'minute', 'mmHg', 'mph', 'mu_0', 'nano',
'nautical_mile', 'neutron_mass', 'nu2lambda',
'ounce', 'oz', 'parsec', 'pebi', 'peta',
'pi', 'pico', 'point', 'pound', 'pound_force',
'proton_mass', 'psi', 'pt', 'short_ton',
'sigma', 'slinch', 'slug', 'speed_of_light',
'speed_of_sound', 'stone', 'survey_foot',
'survey_mile', 'tebi', 'tera', 'ton_TNT',
'torr', 'troy_ounce', 'troy_pound', 'u',
'week', 'yard', 'year', 'yobi', 'yocto',
'yotta', 'zebi', 'zepto', 'zero_Celsius', 'zetta'
]
def __dir__():
return __all__
def __getattr__(name):
return _sub_module_deprecation(sub_package="constants", module="constants",
private_modules=["_constants"], all=__all__,
attribute=name)

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from scipy.constants import find, value, ConstantWarning, c, speed_of_light
from numpy.testing import (assert_equal, assert_, assert_almost_equal,
suppress_warnings)
import scipy.constants._codata as _cd
def test_find():
keys = find('weak mixing', disp=False)
assert_equal(keys, ['weak mixing angle'])
keys = find('qwertyuiop', disp=False)
assert_equal(keys, [])
keys = find('natural unit', disp=False)
assert_equal(keys, sorted(['natural unit of velocity',
'natural unit of action',
'natural unit of action in eV s',
'natural unit of mass',
'natural unit of energy',
'natural unit of energy in MeV',
'natural unit of momentum',
'natural unit of momentum in MeV/c',
'natural unit of length',
'natural unit of time']))
def test_basic_table_parse():
c_s = 'speed of light in vacuum'
assert_equal(value(c_s), c)
assert_equal(value(c_s), speed_of_light)
def test_basic_lookup():
assert_equal('%d %s' % (_cd.c, _cd.unit('speed of light in vacuum')),
'299792458 m s^-1')
def test_find_all():
assert_(len(find(disp=False)) > 300)
def test_find_single():
assert_equal(find('Wien freq', disp=False)[0],
'Wien frequency displacement law constant')
def test_2002_vs_2006():
assert_almost_equal(value('magn. flux quantum'),
value('mag. flux quantum'))
def test_exact_values():
# Check that updating stored values with exact ones worked.
with suppress_warnings() as sup:
sup.filter(ConstantWarning)
for key in _cd.exact_values:
assert_((_cd.exact_values[key][0] - value(key)) / value(key) == 0)

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import pytest
import scipy.constants as sc
from scipy.conftest import array_api_compatible
from scipy._lib._array_api import xp_assert_equal, xp_assert_close
pytestmark = [array_api_compatible, pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")]
skip_xp_backends = pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends
class TestConvertTemperature:
def test_convert_temperature(self, xp):
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray(32.), 'f', 'Celsius'),
xp.asarray(0.0))
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([0., 0.]),
'celsius', 'Kelvin'),
xp.asarray([273.15, 273.15]))
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([0., 0.]), 'kelvin', 'c'),
xp.asarray([-273.15, -273.15]))
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([32., 32.]), 'f', 'k'),
xp.asarray([273.15, 273.15]))
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([273.15, 273.15]),
'kelvin', 'F'),
xp.asarray([32., 32.]))
xp_assert_equal(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([0., 0.]), 'C', 'fahrenheit'),
xp.asarray([32., 32.]))
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([0., 0.], dtype=xp.float64),
'c', 'r'),
xp.asarray([491.67, 491.67], dtype=xp.float64),
rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([491.67, 491.67],
dtype=xp.float64),
'Rankine', 'C'),
xp.asarray([0., 0.], dtype=xp.float64), rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([491.67, 491.67],
dtype=xp.float64),
'r', 'F'),
xp.asarray([32., 32.], dtype=xp.float64), rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([32., 32.], dtype=xp.float64),
'fahrenheit', 'R'),
xp.asarray([491.67, 491.67], dtype=xp.float64),
rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([273.15, 273.15],
dtype=xp.float64),
'K', 'R'),
xp.asarray([491.67, 491.67], dtype=xp.float64),
rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature(xp.asarray([491.67, 0.],
dtype=xp.float64),
'rankine', 'kelvin'),
xp.asarray([273.15, 0.], dtype=xp.float64), rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
@skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reasons=['Python list input uses NumPy backend'])
def test_convert_temperature_array_like(self):
xp_assert_close(sc.convert_temperature([491.67, 0.], 'rankine', 'kelvin'),
[273.15, 0.], rtol=0., atol=1e-13)
@skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reasons=['Python int input uses NumPy backend'])
def test_convert_temperature_errors(self, xp):
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="old_scale="):
sc.convert_temperature(1, old_scale="cheddar", new_scale="kelvin")
with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="new_scale="):
sc.convert_temperature(1, old_scale="kelvin", new_scale="brie")
class TestLambdaToNu:
def test_lambda_to_nu(self, xp):
xp_assert_equal(sc.lambda2nu(xp.asarray([sc.speed_of_light, 1])),
xp.asarray([1, sc.speed_of_light]))
@skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reasons=['Python list input uses NumPy backend'])
def test_lambda_to_nu_array_like(self, xp):
xp_assert_equal(sc.lambda2nu([sc.speed_of_light, 1]),
[1, sc.speed_of_light])
class TestNuToLambda:
def test_nu_to_lambda(self, xp):
xp_assert_equal(sc.nu2lambda(xp.asarray([sc.speed_of_light, 1])),
xp.asarray([1, sc.speed_of_light]))
@skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reasons=['Python list input uses NumPy backend'])
def test_nu_to_lambda_array_like(self, xp):
xp_assert_equal(sc.nu2lambda([sc.speed_of_light, 1]),
[1, sc.speed_of_light])